Topic: LiteraturePlays

Last updated: May 28, 2019

Abstract:Nowadays, Network topology plays the essential role in network for connecting thesystem.

Topologies are designed for both small and large networks and requireddifferent types of building these networks based on their essentials. In thispaper, I will discuss about how the network topology types and their functions byanalyzing and comparing them each other. Finally, I will make comparison tableand determine which one is the best for network system of all thetopologies.  Keywords: Network topology, Physical NetworkTopology, Logical Network Topology, Bus, Ring, Star, Mesh, Hybrid and TreeTopologies.I.

INTRODCTION: Network topology is the schematicdescription of a network layout arrangement’s connections, including thevarious linksof computer networks, nodes (senderand receiver) and so on. There are two main types of network topologies. Theyare the physical topology and the logical topology.

The physical topologyof a network is the physical geometric layout’s design of a network includingthe devices, locations and cables.Thelogical topology is about how data actually moves around in the network, and itrelates to the nature of the path of a signal which follows from one node toanother. (Groth, 2005)II. ANALYSIS OFDIFFERENT NETWORK TOPOLOGIES-Physical TOPOLOGYPhysical network topologies emphasize system-related hardware, includingworkstations, remote terminals, servers, and related lines of connectionbetween assets. The physical topology describes how the systems are physicallyconnected. This means arranging the devices on the network system through theactual cables that carry the data.

There are six basic topologies. (Santra, 2013) A.   BUS TopologyThe bus networks sharea common connection that extends to every computers and network devices. Everycomputers and network devices are connected to the same single cable in a smallnetwork. If the cable fails, theentire network will automatically shut down, but the cost of establishing thenetwork is reasonable so that this type of networking iseconomical and cost effective. However, the length of the connection cable is limited and the network is slowerthan the ring network. (Mitchell, 2017)  i.     Featuresof Bus Topology(1)     It transmits data onlyin one direction.

(2)     Every device is connected to a singlecable.(3)     It has exactly two endpoints and it isalso called Linear Bus topology.ii.

      Advantages of Bus Topology(1)     It is cost effective.(2)     The least amount of cabling is requiredto other network topologies.(3)     It is used in the small networks.(4)     It is easy to understand.(5)     Easy to deploy connecting two cablestogether.iii.      Disadvantages of Bus Topology(1)     Cables fails then theentire network will fail.

(2)     If network traffic is large or there are many nodes, the network performance isdegraded.(3)     Cable length is limited.(4)     It is slower than the ring topology.B.          RING TopologyA ring network is connected to two other networkdevices and the last network device is needed to connect first to form a ringnetwork. Each message propagates in one direction either clockwise orcounterclockwise (anticlockwise), then through the shared link. A ring topologyconnecting a large number of network devices requires repeaters.

If a connecting cable or a device fails in thering, the entire network will automatically fail. The ring networks are fasterthan the bus networks however they are more difficult to troubleshoot. (Mitchell, 2017)i.     Featuresof Ring Topology(1)  Transmissionis unidirectional and it is also known as Dual Ring Topology, two ring networks are formed, with opposite data flows.Also, if one ring fails, the second ring can act as a backup to keep thenetwork alive.(2)  Data is transmitted in a sequentialmanner that is bit by bit. Thetransmitted data must pass through each node of the network up to thedestination node.ii.

   Advantagesof Ring Topology(1)  Transmitting network isnot affected by high traffic or adding more nodes because only the nodes withthe tokens can transmit data.(2)  Cheap to installation and expansion.iii.  Disadvantagesof Ring Topology(1)  Troubleshooting in ringtopology is difficult.(2)  Adding, removing or deleting thecomputers can disturb the network activity.(3)  Failure of a single node can cause theentire network to fail.

C.   STAR TopologyStartopology usually uses a network hub or switch, and is a common home network.Each device has its own connection to the hub. The performance of a starnetwork depends on the hub. In the event of a hub failure, the network of allconnected devices is shut down. In this type of topology, all computers arecabled to a hub. This center is the central node, and all other nodes areconnected to the central node. The performance of attached devices is usuallyhigh because in other types of networks there are usually fewer connecteddevices in the star topology.

Star network is easy to set up, easy totroubleshoot. Setting costs is higher than bus and ring network topologies, butif one connected device fails, the other connected devices are not affected. (Mitchell, 2017)i      Features of Star Topology(1)  Each node has its owndedicated connection to the hub.(2)  Hub acts as a data flow repeater.(3)  Can use twisted pair, optical Fiber orcoaxial cable.

ii     Advantagesof Star Topology(1)  Lessnodes, low network traffic, fast performance.(2)  Hub can be easily upgraded.(3)  Easy to troubleshoot.(4)  Easy to set and modify.(5)  Onlyif the node is affected, it will work normally.iii   Disadvantagesof Star Topology(1)  The installation costis high.(2)  Expensive to use.(3)  If the hub fails, the entire networkwill stop because all the nodes depend on the hub.

(4)  Performance is hub-based that is itdepends on its capacity.D.   MESH TopologyMesh network topology provides redundantcommunication paths between some or all of the devices in some or all meshnetworks. In full mesh topology, each device is connected to all the otherdevices. In some mesh topologies,some connected devices or systems connect to all other devices, but somedevices connect to only a few other devices. Mesh topology robust,troubleshooting is relatively easy. However, the installation and configurationis more complicated than the star, ring, and bus topologies.

This is apoint-to-point connection to other nodes or devices. All network nodes areconnected to each other. There are two technologies for transmitting data inMesh topologies:Routing-In routing, nodes haverouting logic based on network requirements. Like routing logic, use theshortest distance to direct the data to its destination or it have routinglogic for disconnecting the link information and avoid these nodes and thelike.

Flooding-In flooding, the same datais transmitted to all network nodes, so no routing logic is needed. The networkis robust and less likely to lose data. But this can lead to unnecessary loadon the network.

Typesof Mesh Topology1.              Partial Mesh Topology: In this topologysome systems are connected in the same way as mesh topology however somedevices are connected to only two or three devices.2.              Full Mesh Topology: Each node or device is connectedto each other. (Mitchell, 2017)i      Featuresof Mesh Topology(1)   Fully connected(2)  Steady.(3)  Not flexible.

ii     Advantagesof Mesh Topology(1)    Eachconnection can carry its own data load(2)    Itis robust.(3)    Easy to diagnose the problem.(4)    Providessafety and privacy.iii   Disadvantages of MeshTopology(1)  Installation andconfiguration difficulties.

(2)  Wiringcosts higher.(3)  Bulk wiring isrequired.E.    TREE TopologyTree topologycombines star and bus topologies to improve network scalability. The network isset up as a hierarchy, usually at least three levels. The underlying device isconnected to its upper layer device.

Ultimately, all devices will be directedto the main hub that controls the network. This type of network is forcompanies that have a variety of packet workstations. The system is easy tomanage and troubleshoot. However, the establishment costs are relatively high.If the center hub fails, the network will automatically fail. It has a rootnode to which all other nodes connect to form a hierarchy. It is also known asa hierarchical topology.

It should have at least three levels of hierarchy. (Mitchell, 2017)i      Features of TreeTopology(1)  The ideal workstation is in the group.(2)  WAN use.ii     Advantagesof Tree Topology(1)   Extensionof bus and star topologies.(2)   Expansionof nodes is possible and easy.(3)   Easilymanaged and maintained.(4)   Errordetection is easily done.

iii   Disadvantagesof Tree Topology(1)  Overalllength of each segment is limited by the type of cabling used.(2)  Expensive.(3)  Ifadding more node maintenance is difficult.(4)   If the center hub failure, the network willfailure.F.

    HYBRID TopologyHybrid topology is a mixture of two or more topologies.For example, if a ring topology is used in one department’s office and use inanother star topology, connecting these topologies will result in a hybrid topology(ring topology and star topology). (Mitchell, 2017)i      Features of HybridTopology(1)              It is a combination oftwo or topologies.(2)              Theadvantages and disadvantages of inheriting the included topology.ii     Advantages of HybridTopology(1)              Reliableerror detection and troubleshooting is easy.

(2)  Effective.(3)   As the sizeincreases, the scalable can easily be increased.(4)  Flexible.iii   Disadvantages of HybridTopology(1)  Complex in design.

(2)  ExpensiveIII.COMPARISON OF TOPOLOGYTable: Comparison of differenttopologies and its criteria Criteria/Topology Bus Ring Star Mesh Tree Hybrid Network Performance Small Small/Large Small Small Large Large Cable length Less Neither less nor more More More More More Traffic Less High Medium No High High Dataflow Efficiency More Neither less nor more More More More More Failure Easy to solve Difficult to solve Easy to solve Easy to solve Difficult to solve Easy to solve Cost Low High High High High High Note: Topologycomparison presents a variety of knowledge / ideas to determine networkperformance, data flow efficiency, cost, and cable requirements of specifiedtopology.IV.

ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT NETWORK TOPOLOGY- LOGICAL TOPOLOGIESLogical network topologies emphasize the representation of data flowsbetween nodes. This means that the logical topology relates to the arrangementof devices on the network system and their communication. The primary role of alogical topology is to communicate between the physical topologies of differentsystems. (Santra, 2013)A.

   Shared Media Topology In shared a media topology, the system hasunlimited access to the physical media, meaning that all the systems in thenetwork have physical access tothe physical layout at any time. Collisions are the major drawbackof this topology because multiplesystems transmit information simultaneously on the wire, colliding packets, andas a result the collision kills the packet. Ethernet is anexample of a shared media topology. As a remedy, some huge networks are brokendown into smaller networks.

Some Ethernets use Carrier Sense Multiple Accessprotocol to reduce the number of collisions. B.    Token Based TopologyIn a token-based topology, a token that propagates over the network is usedto access the physical media. If any node wants to send a packet to another, itshould wait for the token to be passed clockwise or counterclockwise within thenetwork.

After obtaining the token, the node can send a data packet to thenetwork, and all nodes in the path from the sender node to the target nodeshould send data packets. All intermediate nodes should check the destinationaddress if it matches any data packet of people match and generate aconfirmation package. The acknowledgment packet should follow the reverse pathto confirm the sender node: the packet is received by the destination node.V.References:Reference 1: Cem Ersoy,  Shivendra PanWar “Topological Design ofInterconnected LAN-MAN Networks” IEEE INFOCON,pp.22602269, 1992.

Reference 2: Li Chiou Chen “The Impact ofCountermeasure Propagation on the Prevalence of Computer Viruses” IEEETransactions on Systems, MAN, and Cybernetics PartB; Cybernetics Volume 34Number 2 April 2004.Reference 3: Data Communication andNetworking”,Fourth Edition by Behrouza A. Forouzan, TMH.Reference 4: Data Communication andNetworking”,Second Edition by Achyut S Godbole,Tata McGraw Hill.Reference 5: Lu, George(2017, January 22). Network Topology. Retrieved December 27, 2017, fromhttps://prezi.com/d3tfmwf0hpba/network-topology/.

Accessed 28 Dec. 2017.Reference 6: Brett, M.E.A.D.O.R.

2008. NetworkTopologies. A Survey of ComputerNetwork Topology and Analysis Examples.

Online. 28 December 2017.Available from: https://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse567-08/ftp/topology.pdf                                                                

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